1_讲解部分PPT(1).pptx

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1、高考英语附录 概要写作 技巧一技巧一 概要写作常用关联词概要写作常用关联词1.顺序first,second,third首先、第二、第三firstly,secondly,thirdly,lastly首先、第二、第三、最后to begin with,then,furthermore,finally首先、然后、此外、最后to start with,next,in addition,finally首先、然后、此外、最后first of all,besides,last but not least首先、而且、最后但同样重要的是2.并列as well as也not only.but(also).不但而且3

2、.对比/转折on the one hand.on the other hand.一方面另一方面on the contrary与此相反for one thing.for another.一方面另一方面nevertheless然而compared to与相比in contrast with与形成对比4.递进even甚至besides况且,此外what s more还有moreover并且furthermore此外in addition另外worse still/what s worse/to make matters worse更糟糕的是5.例证in one s opinion在某人看来that

3、is(to say)也就是说namely即as a matter of fact/in fact事实上for example/for instance例如6.强调especially特别indeed确实at least至少at most最多not at all根本不or rather更确切地说 particularly特别地7.因果thanks to多亏了as a result结果because of/as a result of/on account of/due to因为/由于owing to多亏for this reason由于这个原因8.总结in short总之generally sp

4、eaking一般来说in my opinion/view在我看来briefly/in brief简要地as far as I m concerned我认为as you know正如你所知道的as is known to all众所周知to sum up/to summarize/in summary/to conclude总之9.目的for the purpose of目的是 so as to为了in order that=in order to为了 技巧二技巧二 写作技巧写作技巧1.获取主旨大意,寻找支持信息议论文和说明文常常含有概括全文或全段主要内容的主旨句,它大多出现在段首。但有时候,段

5、落第一句或前几句只是起到导入话题或过渡衔接的作用,而不是统领全文或全段的主旨句。少数主旨句也可能出现在段中或段尾。有时候,段落主旨需要根据段落内容予以归纳和概括。归纳段落主旨大意时既要考虑“本段的主题是什么”,又要回答“就该主题作者写了什么”。为了让读者更好地理解主旨句所表达的含义,作者会提供信息支持主旨句,我们称之为支持句。其中多个表达同一意思的支持句组成一个支持句群。在阅读中我们可以根据衔接词判断支持句所表达的意思。【例1】What is standard English?Is it spoken in Britain,the US,Canada,Australia,India and N

6、ew Zealand?Believe it or not,there is no such thing as standard English.Many people believe the English spoken on TV and the ra-dio is standard English.This is because in the early days of radio,those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English.However,on TV and the radio you will

7、 hear differences in the way people speak.解读 本段的第一句和第二句为引题句,而第三句中的“there is no such thing as standard English”为段落主旨句,而第四、五、六句为支持句。2.立足文章结构,筛选主要信息把握文章结构有助于迅速抓住文章主要信息。说明文和议论文常采用总分式、递进式或并列式的结构。总分式结构通常分为总分、总分总和分总三类。在这种结构的文章中,全文主旨大意是第一级信息,各段落主旨大意是第二级信息,支持句是第三级信息。其中,第一、二级信息必须作为主要信息写入概要,而第三级信息可在筛选后根据实际需要写入

8、概要。在采用递进式或并列式结构的文章中,各段落的主旨大意并列作为第一级信息,各段落大意的支持句为第二级信息,它们作为主要信息必须写入概要。【例2】Getting rid of dirt,in the opinion of most people,is a good thing.However,there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century,people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease,as medical

9、 opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538,the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in

10、 Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry IV,King of France,was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath,the king ordered that,to avoid the attack of disease,the noble-man should not go out.Though the belief in the merit(好处)of dirt was long-lived,dirt has no longer been re

11、garded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.Scientif-ically speaking,cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet,it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II.Advertisements rep

12、eatedly sell the idea:clothes need to be whiter than white,cloths ever softer,surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt,however,gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first-time parents ner-vously try to warn their children off touching dirt,which might be responsi-ble for th

13、e spread of disease.On the contrary,Mary Ruebush,an American immunologist(免疫学家),encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter(后者)position is gaining some ground.解读解读 文章共四个自然段,为总分结构。文章按时间发展的顺序讨论了在不同的历史时期,人们对“除去皮肤上的污物”的看法。1)文章第一段就是本篇文章的主旨句所在段,点明了总的观点:However

14、,there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.2)第二段第一句中的In the early 16th century,people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease为段落主旨句,接着列举法国和英国通过关闭公共浴室的方式防止病从“皮”入。3)第三段中的Scientifically speaking,cleaning away dirt is good to health.为段落主旨句。4)第四段中的On the contrary,Mary Ruebush,

15、an American immunologist(免疫学家),encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong im-mune system.为主要信息。将文章主旨句、各段的主旨句和主要信息以及第二段的支持句融合在一起即可作为本文的概要。【参考范文】People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(要点1)For a long time in history,people of some European countries,such as France,believ

16、ed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2)However,people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3)However,some scien-tists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4)3.分析句子关系,提炼关键词关键词是与文章主旨关系最密切的词语,它们通常为实词,包括名词(短语)、动词(短语)和形容词(短语)。这些词可能以原词、代词、同义词或反义词重复出现,在提炼时不能重复关键词。提取关键词时要注意以下几点:1)在简单句中,关键词通常在主谓宾部分;2)在并列复合句中,并列连词but和so之后的信息含有关键词,而and前后都有关键词;3)在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,关键词一般在宾语从